Regulation of nociception threshold by norepinephrine through adrenergic α2 receptor in rat models of Parkinson's disease

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanism of pain symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unclear. Norepinephrine (NE) regulates neuropathic pain through ascending and descending pathways. However, the loss of NE neurons in the brain of patients with PD is obvious, it is speculated that NE is involved in the occurrence of PD pain symptoms.AimsTo investigate the effect of NE on the activation of brain cells through adrenergic α2 receptor, so as to regulate the nociception threshold in a 6‐OHDA‐induced animal model of PD.MethodsPD rat model was established by 6‐OHDA injection (6‐OHDA group). DSP‐4 (or anti‐DBH‐saporin) was used to reduce the NE level of the PD rat brain. The heat sensitivity threshold (HST) and pressure withdrawal threshold (PWT) were measured. Tyrosine hydroxylase and NE in rat brains were detected by Elisa. The percentage of GFAP‐positive cells in the prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and striatum of rats was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. GFAP protein was semiquantified by method of western blot. Then yohimbine and guanfacine were used to increase the NE level in PD rats, and the above experimental changes were observed after drug application.ResultsThe contents of NE in the brain of 6‐OHDA‐induced PD rats were lower than that of control group. After DSP‐4 (or anti‐DBH‐saporin) injection, PD rats showed the lowest NE level (compared with 6‐OHDA group, p ≤ 0.05), and after yohimbine and guanfacine were applied to 6‐OHDA group, the contents of NE increased in the prefrontal cortex of rats. The HST and PWT of 6‐OHDA group were significantly lower than those of control group, and after DSP‐4 (or anti‐DBH‐saporin) injection, the HST and PWT of rats were lower than those of 6‐OHDA group, and after the administration of yohimbine and guanfacine, both HST and PWT were significantly increased. GFAP‐positive cells increased in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus of 6‐OHDA group rats, and more significantly increased after DSP‐4 (or anti‐DBH‐saporin) injection, and significantly reduced after yohimbine and guanfacine were used.ConclusionsThe change of norepinephrine content can affect the activation of prefrontal and cingulate gyrus glial cells and participate in the regulation of nociception threshold in PD rats. Adrenergic α2 receptor agonist and central presynaptic membrane α2 receptor blocker both affect cell activation and improve hyperalgesia.