Affiliation:
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products Central University of Punjab Bathinda Punjab India
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India
3. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy Qassim University Unayzah Saudi Arabia
4. Smart‐Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
5. Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
Abstract
AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a lethal disease that is prevalent worldwide. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) data, 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021. Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) is an excellent target for drug intervention. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first class of approved antiretroviral drugs. Later, a new type of non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were approved as anti‐HIV drugs. Zidovudine, didanosine, and stavudine are FDA‐approved NRTIs, while nevirapine, efavirenz, and delavirdine are FDA‐approved NNRTIs. Several agents are in clinical trials, including apricitabine, racivir, elvucitabine, doravirine, dapivirine, and elsulfavirine. This review addresses HIV‐1 structure, replication cycle, reverse transcription, and HIV drug targets. This study focuses on NRTIs and NNRTIs, their binding sites, mechanisms of action, FDA‐approved drugs and drugs in clinical trials, their resistance and adverse effects, their molecular docking studies, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Subject
Molecular Medicine,Biochemistry,Drug Discovery,Pharmacology,Organic Chemistry