Making protected areas effective for biodiversity, climate and food

Author:

Arneth Almut12ORCID,Leadley Paul3,Claudet Joachim4ORCID,Coll Marta5,Rondinini Carlo67ORCID,Rounsevell Mark D. A.128,Shin Yunne‐Jai9ORCID,Alexander Peter8ORCID,Fuchs Richard1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. KIT, Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research Garmisch‐Partenkirchen Germany

2. KIT, Department of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Germany

3. ESE Laboratory Université Paris‐Saclay/CNRS/AgroParisTech Orsay France

4. National Center for Scientific Research PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS‐EPHE‐UPVD Paris France

5. Institute of Marine Science (ICM‐CSIC) Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta Barcelona Spain

6. Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

7. Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry New York City New York USA

8. School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

9. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Univ Montpellier, IFREMER, CNRS, MARBEC Montpellier France

Abstract

AbstractThe spatial extent of marine and terrestrial protected areas (PAs) was among the most intensely debated issues prior to the decision about the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Positive impacts of PAs on habitats, species diversity and abundance are well documented. Yet, biodiversity loss continues unabated despite efforts to protect 17% of land and 10% of the oceans by 2020. This casts doubt on whether extending PAs to 30%, the agreed target in the Kunming‐Montreal GBF, will indeed achieve meaningful biodiversity benefits. Critically, the focus on area coverage obscures the importance of PA effectiveness and overlooks concerns about the impact of PAs on other sustainability objectives. We propose a simple means of assessing and visualising the complex relationships between PA area coverage and effectiveness and their effects on biodiversity conservation, nature‐based climate mitigation and food production. Our analysis illustrates how achieving a 30% PA global target could be beneficial for biodiversity and climate. It also highlights important caveats: (i) achieving lofty area coverage objectives alone will be of little benefit without concomitant improvements in effectiveness, (ii) trade‐offs with food production particularly for high levels of coverage and effectiveness are likely and (iii) important differences in terrestrial and marine systems need to be recognized when setting and implementing PA targets. The CBD's call for a significant increase in PA will need to be accompanied by clear PA effectiveness goals to reduce and revert dangerous anthropogenic impacts on socio‐ecological systems and biodiversity.

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

General Environmental Science,Ecology,Environmental Chemistry,Global and Planetary Change

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