Affiliation:
1. Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Canynge Hall Bristol UK
2. Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital Bristol UK
3. Population HealthSciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Oakfield House,Oakfield Grove Bristol UK
Abstract
AbstractBackground and aimsChronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP) is one of the most common causes of disability globally. Opioid prescribing to treat CNCP remains widespread, despite limited evidence of long‐term clinical benefit and evidence of harm such as problematic pharmaceutical opioid use (POU) and overdose. The study aimed to measure the prevalence of POU in CNCP patients treated with opioid analgesics.MethodA comprehensive systematic literature review and meta‐analysis was undertaken using MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO databases from inception to 27 January 2021. We included studies from all settings with participants aged ≥ 12 with non‐cancer pain of ≥ 3 months duration, treated with opioid analgesics. We excluded case–control studies, as they cannot be used to generate prevalence estimates. POU was defined using four categories: dependence and opioid use disorder (D&OUD), signs and symptoms of D&OUD (S&S), aberrant behaviour (AB) and at risk of D&OUD. We used a random‐effects multi‐level meta‐analytical model. We evaluated inconsistency using the I2 statistic and explored heterogeneity using subgroup analyses and meta‐regressions.ResultsA total of 148 studies were included with > 4.3 million participants; 1% of studies were classified as high risk of bias. The pooled prevalence was 9.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.7–14.8%; I2 = 99.9%] for D&OUD, 29.6% (95% CI = 22.1–38.3%, I2 = 99.3%) for S&S and 22% (95% CI = 17.4–27.3%, I2 = 99.8%) for AB. The prevalence of those at risk of D&OUD was 12.4% (95% CI = 4.3–30.7%, I2 = 99.6%). Prevalence was affected by study setting, study design and diagnostic tool. Due to the high heterogeneity, the findings should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionsProblematic pharmaceutical opioid use appears to be common in chronic pain patients treated with opioid analgesics, with nearly one in 10 experiencing dependence and opioid use disorder, one in three showing signs and symptoms of dependence and opioid use disorder and one in five showing aberrant behaviour.
Funder
National Institute for Health and Care Research
Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government