Abstract
The increase of anthropogenic activities has led to the pollution of the environment by heavy metals, including chromium (Cr). There are two common oxidative states of Cr that can be found in industrial effluents the trivalent chromium Cr(III) and the hexavalent chromium Cr(VI). While the hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is highly toxic and can trigger serious human health issues, its reduced form, the trivalent chromium Cr(III), is less toxic and insoluble. Leather tanning is an important industry in many developing countries and serves as a major source of Cr(VI) contamination. Globally, tannery factories generate approximately 40 million m3 of Cr-containing wastewater annually. While the physico-chemical treatments of tannery wastewater are not safe, produce toxic chemicals and require large amounts of chemical inputs, bioremediation using chromium-resistant bacteria (CRB) is safer, efficient and does not produce toxic intermediates. Chromium-resistant bacteria (CRB) utilise three mechanisms for Cr(VI) removal: biotransformation, biosorption and bioaccumulation. This review will evaluate the three Cr(VI) detoxification mechanisms used by bacteria, their limitations and assess their applications for large-scale remediation of Cr(VI). This can be helpful for understanding the nature of Cr(VI) remediation mechanisms used by bacteria, therefore, bridging the gap between laboratory findings and industrial application of microorganisms for Cr(VI) removal.
Publisher
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
Subject
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Microbiology,Biotechnology
Reference88 articles.
1. 1. Cheng H, Zhou T, Li Q, Lu L, Lin C. Anthropogenic chromium emissions in China from 1990 to 2009. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e87753. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087753
2. 2. Chrysochoou M, Johnston CP. Reduction of chromium (VI) in saturated zone sediments by calcium polysulfide and nanoscale zerovalent iron derived from green tea extract. In GeoCongress 2012:3959-3967. doi: 10.1061/9780784412121.406
3. 3. Pure Earth, Green Cross Switzerland. World's worst pollution problems 2015: The new top six toxic threats priority list for remediation. 2015:46-48. https:// www.worstpolluted.org/docs/WWPP_2015_Final.pdf
4. 4. Stout MD, Herbert RA, Kissling GE, et al. Hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice after chronic oral exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(5):716-722. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0800208
5. 5. Tagliari KC, Vargas VMF, Zimiani K, Cecchini R. Oxidative stress damage in the liver of fish and rats receiving an intraperitoneal injection of hexavalent chromium as evaluated by chemiluminescence. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;17(3):149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.04.001
Cited by
16 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献