Decentralization of Household Wastewater Streams: Challenges and Perspectives

Abstract

Decentralized household wastewater treatment systems are gaining increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to centralized systems for managing household wastewater streams which includes the grey, black and storm water, particularly in developing countries and rural areas. Decentralized household wastewater treatment systems offer several advantages, including reduced infrastructure costs, lower environmental impact, improved local water quality, and increased adaptability to site-specific conditions. However, the widespread adoption and long-term sustainability of household wastewater treatment systems face various challenges. This review paper examines the key challenges and perspectives in the household wastewater streams. The main challenges identified include lack of awareness and education among stakeholders, institutional and regulatory barriers, financial constraints, limited technology options, and socio-cultural acceptance. The review also explores the perspectives for overcoming these challenges, such as enhancing education and awareness programs, developing standardized designs and guidelines, establishing sustainable financing mechanisms, and promoting sustainable and circular solutions, and appropriate technology development. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the opportunities, Decentralized household wastewater treatment systems can play a crucial role in improving sanitation, reducing environmental degradation, and supporting sustainable water management in diverse settings.