Nutritional physiology and body composition changes during a rapid ascent to high altitude

Author:

Santangelo Carmen1,Verratti Vittore2,Mrakic-Sposta Simona3,Ciampini Federica4,Bonan Sofia4,Pignatelli Pamela5,Pietrangelo Tiziana1,Pilato Serena6,Moffa Samanta6,Fontana Antonella6,Piccinelli Raffaela7,Donne Cinzia Le7,Lobefalo Lucio5,Beccatelli Matteo8,Rizzini Pierluigi Lodi8,Seletti Davide8,Mecca Rocco8,Beccatelli Tommaso8,Bondi Danilo1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy

2. Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy

3. Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (ICF-CNR), Milano, Italy

4. School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy

5. Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy

6. Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy

7. Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Roma, Italy

8. Biometrica S.r.l., Parma, Italy

Abstract

Exposure to high altitude might cause the body to adapt with negative energy and fluid balance that compromise body composition and physical performance. In this field study involving 12 healthy adults, sex-balanced, and aged 29 ± 4 years with a body mass index of 21.6 ± 1.8 kg/m2, we investigated the effects of a 4-day trekking up to 4556 m a.s.l. on Monte Rosa (Alps, Italy). The food intake was recorded using food diaries and nutrient averages were calculated. The bio-impedance analysis was performed at low and high altitudes, and a wearable biosensor (Swemax) was used to track hydro-saline losses in two participants. Daily total energy intake was 3348 ± 386 kcal for males and 2804 ± 415 kcal for females (13%–14% protein, 35% fat, 44%–46% carbohydrates). Although there was a significant body weight loss (65.0 ± 9.3 vs. 64.2 ± 9.10 kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.398), no significant changes in body composition parameter were found but a trend in the increase of the bioelectrical phase angle in males ( p = 0.059, d = −0.991). Body water percentage significantly changed ( p = 0.026, η2 = 0.440), but the absolute water did not, suggesting that the weight loss was not due to water loss. Salivary and urinary osmolality did not change. A reduction in sweat rate at higher altitudes was observed in both participants. Interestingly, salivary leptin increased ( p = 0.014, η2 = 0.510), and salivary ghrelin decreased ( p = 0.036, η2 p  = 0.403). Therefore, the 4-day trekking at altitude of hypoxia exposure induced changes in satiety and appetite hormones. High altitude expeditions require more specific nutritional guidance, and using multiplex analysis could help in monitoring fluid balance and body composition.

Funder

School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti - Pescara, Italy

Publisher

Canadian Science Publishing

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