GLP-1 response during pregnancy: variations between trimesters and associations with appetite sensations and usual energy intake

Abstract

Further research is required to understand hormonal regulation of food intake during pregnancy and its association with energy intake. The objectives are to ( i) compare postprandial responses of plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) between trimesters, ( ii) compare postprandial appetite sensations between trimesters, and ( iii) examine trimester-specific associations between GLP-1 levels, appetite sensations, and usual energy intake. At each trimester, participants ( n = 26) consumed a standard test meal following a 12 h fast. Plasma GLP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method at fasting and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postprandial. A visual analogue scale assessing appetite sensations was completed at fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min postprandial. Mean energy intake was assessed using three web-based 24 h dietary recalls at each trimester. Lower postprandial GLP-1 responses were observed in the 2nd ( p = 0.004) and 3rd trimesters ( p < 0.001) compared to the 1st trimester. Greater postprandial sensations of desire to eat, hunger, and prospective food consumption were noted in the 3rd trimester compared to the 1st trimester ( p < 0.04, for all). Fasting GLP-1 was negatively associated with fasting appetite sensations (except fullness) at the 2nd trimester ( p < 0.02, for all). Postprandially, significant associations were observed for incremental areas under the curve from 0 to 30 min between GLP-1 and fullness at the 2nd ( p = 0.01) and 3rd trimesters ( p = 0.03). No associations between fasting or postprandial GLP-1 and usual energy intake were observed. Overall, GLP-1 and appetite sensation responses significantly differ between trimesters, but few associations were observed between GLP-1, appetite sensations, and usual energy intake.