Long-term natural dynamics of an alpine lichen heath in the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve, northwestern Caucasus

Abstract

The alpine vegetation of Europe and the Caucasus has experienced substantial changes due to climate warming and reduced grazing. Exposed ridge communities, such as alpine heaths, are presumed to be less vulnerable to such processes. Herein, we analyze long-term dynamics (over 37 years) of an alpine lichen heath in the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve, Karachaevo-Cherkessian Republic, Russia. We counted the shoots of all vascular plants present on permanent plots. Autocorrelated linear regressions, a non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination, and a fourth-corner analysis were applied to characterize the relationships between shoot numbers, climate variables (temperatures and precipitation), functional traits, and species strategies. Nine species, including dominant Festuca ovina L. and Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn., increased their abundances, whereas Carex spp. were observed to decrease. The overall dynamics were mainly driven by increasing mean temperatures during the growing season (July and August). None of the changes observed in the selected traits were correlated with increasing or decreasing numbers of species; however, some traits (plant height, specific root length, specific leaf area, and leaf carbon content) were potentially associated with climate variables. The observed dynamics suggested an overall increase in the abundance of herbaceous plants. Generally, our results support “greening” effects in tundra and alpine biomes.