Changes in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) survival within the lower Columbia River amid increasing pinniped abundance

Author:

Wargo Rub A. Michelle1,Som Nicholas A.23,Henderson Mark J.4,Sandford Benjamin P.5,Van Doornik Donald M.6,Teel David J.6,Tennis Matthew J.7,Langness Olaf P.8,van der Leeuw Bjorn K.9,Huff David D.1

Affiliation:

1. Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 520 Heceta Place, Hammond, OR 97121, USA.

2. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.

3. Humboldt State University, Fisheries Biology Department, 1 Harpst St., Arcata, CA 95521, USA.

4. US Geological Survey, California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst St., Arcata, CA 95521, USA.

5. Ecosystem Analysis Program, Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 3305 E. Commerce St., Pasco, WA 99301, USA.

6. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Manchester Research Station, 7305 Beach Dr. E., Port Orchard, WA 98366, USA.

7. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Astoria, OR 97103, USA.

8. Sturgeon and Smelt Projects, Columbia River Management Unit, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 5525 South 11 th St., Ridgefield, WA 98642, USA.

9. US Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Fisheries Field Unit, P.O. Box 150, Cascade Locks, OR 97014, USA.

Abstract

Considerable effort towards conservation has contributed to the recovery of historically depleted pinniped populations worldwide. However, in several locations where pinnipeds have increased, they have been blamed for preventing the recovery of commercially valuable fish species through predation. Prompted by increasing pinniped abundance within the Columbia River (CR), USA, over a 6-year period, we used passive integrated transponder tags to measure the survival of adult spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) through the estuary and lower CR to Bonneville Dam (river kilometre 234). We estimated 51 751 – 224 705 salmon died annually within this reach from sources other than harvest. Mixed-effects logistic regression modelling identified pinniped predation as the most likely source of this mortality. The odds of survival was estimated to decrease by 32% (95% CI: 6%–51%) for every additional 467 sea lions (Zalophus californianus and Eumetopias jubatus) present within the CR and to increase by 32% (95% CI: 8%–61%) for every increase of 1.5 in the log of American shad (Alosa sapidissima), a potential prey item for sea lions.

Publisher

Canadian Science Publishing

Subject

Aquatic Science,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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