Soil nitrous oxide emissions associated with conversion of forage grass to annual crop receiving annual application of pig manure

Abstract

The disruptive land-use change during forage grass conversion to annual crop can be critical for determining nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but this is an understudied period. We measured soil N2O fluxes (using closed static vented chambers) together with potential environmental drivers of these fluxes from liquid pig manure (LPM) and solid pig manure (SPM) applied to an annual crop (ANN) and perennial forages (FPP) that was converted to annual crop. Unamended plots were used as a control (CON). The results showed that in 2013, average soil nitrate-N was significantly higher on the recently converted FPP (ranging from 19 to 83 mg N kg−1) than the continuous ANN plots (from 16 to 35 mg N kg−1). The recently converted perennial forage system produced three times greater N2O than the continuous annual system, which is likely a result of accelerated N mineralization from the accumulated soil organic matter (over 4 yr) and grass residues of the recently killed forage grasses. However, during the second year of the study when the FPP plots were reseeded to perennial grasses, the system emitted 30% less N2O than the ANN system. These results suggest that including perennial forage grass in rotation with annual crops can provide N-saving and climate change mitigation benefits; however, some of the N stored in the soil would be lost when the perennial grass plots are cultivated to grow annual crops.