Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in successional ecosystems on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification were compared among ecosystems representing a primary successional sequence on the Tanana River floodplain of interior Alaska. These processes displayed marked seasonality, were closely related to substrate chemistry, and reflected the impact of vegetation clearing. The highest rates of N mineralization were encountered in the June to July incubation periods, and rates generally declined during the remainder of the summer. The early season period (June to July) was the interval of most favorable litter and mineral soil temperature and most available energy supply for microbial mineralization of detrital materials. Minimal rates were encountered during the winter. Litter layer N mineralization rates were highest in the early-successional poplar–alder (Populusbalsamifera–Alnustenuifolia (Nutt.) stage and declined with advancing succession in poplar (Populusbalsamifera) and mature white spruce (Piceaglauca) (Moench) Voss) stands. The poplar–alder stage displayed the highest rate of nitrification. Nitrate constituted 98% of the mineralized N in early-successional poplar–alder forest floors but fell to 4 and 0% in poplar and white spruce forest floors, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization was closely related to significant increases in the lignin/N ratio across the sequence of vegetation types. The rate of surface mineral soil net N mineralization increased with succession in response to higher soil organic matter content. The range of average total seasonal net N mineralization (260–1600 mg N•m−2) for litter layer plus mineral soil among successional stages in this study was generally lower than the 1200–8400 mg N•m−2 reported by investigators for other studies in temperate latitudes. Vegetation clearing increased the magnitude of temporal fluxes as well as total annual mineral N production. The most consistent increases were encountered in the poplar–alder vegetation type. The average seasonal total net N mineralization for forest floor plus mineral soil in this vegetation type increased from 1500 to 3264 mg N•m−2 as a result of clearing. Soil temperature declined with advancing succession and generally increased as a consequence of clearing. However, these changes were not as closely correlated with N mineralization as were the changes in substrate chemistry encountered across this successional sequence.