1. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
2. Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Education Ministry, Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China.
3. United Research Center for Urban Environment and Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200092, China.
4. Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, UR Navier/CERMES, France.