Hypertensive structural changes in blood vessels: Do endothelial cells hold the key?

Abstract

In recent decades, the complexity of the endothelium and its major role in maintaining or altering blood vessel architecture are being revealed. In contrast, the vascular smooth muscle cell previously received the most attention. I suggest support of the hypothesis that the endothelium is the key to vascular disease. An altered endothelium in diabetes mellitus likewise is likely to be pivotal in vascular complications that develop. We have demonstrated that adherent monocytes, indicators of altered endothelium, occur in deoxycorticosterone acetate induced hypertension in male Wistar rats. The coronary artery and thoracic aorta were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Details of hypertensive changes were revealed as well as early atherogenic pathology in the absence of dietary modifications. Scanning electron microscopy of thoracic aorta showed details of the luminal endothelial surface and adherent monocyte–macrophages in hypertensive animals. There were two cell types: numerous typical monocytes with upstream tails, and larger cells that may have been free grazing macrophages or macrophages that had returned to the circulation. Debris and amorphous material were particularly evident in vessels from hypertensive animals. Monocytes squeezed between intact endothelial plasma membranes (as seen in section), and were found as subendothelial foam cells and phagocytosing macrophages. The endothelial adherence of monocytes to the aortas from diabetic animals was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated over that found in controls (but not different from control–hypertensive or diabetic–hypertensive animals) supporting the concept of altered endothelium in diabetes.Key words: arteries, morphology, electron microscopy, hypertension, diabetes.