Differential behavioral responses of benthic and nektonic tadpoles to predation at varying water depths

Author:

de Souza Yasmim Caroline Mossioli1ORCID,Annibale Fabiane Santana2ORCID,Carvalheiro Luísa Gigante2ORCID,Vasconcelos Tiago Silveira3ORCID,Rossa-Feres Denise de Cerqueira4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Graduate Program in Biodiversity, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil

2. Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil

3. Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil

4. Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil

Abstract

Predators influence microhabitat selection and activity level of tadpoles, but it is still unclear how such responses to predators differ among species and how water column's depth influences this predator–prey interaction. Here, we experimentally tested whether the presence of Odonata water nymphs influenced the spatial use and activity of benthic and nektonic tadpoles in different food availability contexts. Benthic tadpoles occupied and consumed more food at the bottom level, irrespective of predator's presence. However, when predators were at the bottom, benthic tadpoles remained close to the cages, suggesting a typical “stay-still” defensive behavior known for Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863). Nektonic tadpoles occupied shallower depths on predator presence, and they also consumed less food and avoided the predator by selecting food sources far from it. When the predator was at the bottom level and food was available, the distance of tadpoles to the cage tended to be smaller. Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925) tadpoles were more active when food was absent regardless of predator's presence. When food was available, these tadpoles generally occupied and consumed more food at the bottom level. Tadpole responses depended not only on predator presence but also on a complex net of factors, which included tadpole habit, antipredatory behavior, and availability and location of food.

Publisher

Canadian Science Publishing

Subject

Animal Science and Zoology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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