1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
2. Ecole des Ponts - ParisTech, Laboratoire Navier-CERMES, 6 et 8, avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée cedex 2, France.