Tilling the chromatin landscape: emerging methods for the discovery and profiling of protein–DNA interactions

Abstract

Interactions between protein and DNA are essential for cellular function. The incremental process of developing global approaches to study chromatin began with the in vitro characterization of chromatin structural components and modifications of the versatile chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, capable of analyzing protein–DNA interactions in vivo. Among the emerging global approaches are ChIP cloning, ChIP display, differential chromatin scanning, ChIP–chip, DamID chromatin profiling, and chromatin array. These methods have been used to assess transcription-factor binding and (or) histone modification. This review describes these global methods and illustrates their potential in answering biological questions.Key words: ChIP, transcription factor binding, histone modification, ChIP display, differential chromatin scanning, ChIP-chip, DamID chromatin profiling, chromatin array.