A dedicated application of evolutionary algorithms: synchrotron X-ray radiation optimization based on an in-vacuum undulator

Abstract

Following the rapid growth in accelerator-based light sources research since the mid of 20th century, miscellaneous third generation synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities such as SSRL, APS, ESRF, PETRA-III, and SPring-8 have come into existence. These SR source facilities provide 1020–1025 photons/s/mrad2/mm2/0.1%BW peak brightness within the photon energy range of 10–105 eV. Since different measurement techniques are utilized at X-ray beamlines of SR facilities, many kinds of insertion devices (i.e., undulators and wigglers) and optical components (e.g., high-resolution monochromators, double-crystal monochromators, lenses, mirrors, etc.) are employed for each experimental setup as a matter of course. Under the circumstances, optimization of a synchrotron beamline is a big concern for many scientists to ensure required radiation characteristics (i.e., photon flux, spot size, photon energy, etc.) for dedicated user experiments. In this respect, an in-vacuum hybrid undulator driven by a 6 GeV synchrotron electron beam is optimized using evolutionary algorithms (EA). Finally, it is shown that EA results are well consistent with both the literature and the analytical calculations, resulting in a promising design estimation for beamline scientists.