A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the DNA-binding affinity of Cro repressor protein stabilized by a disulfide bond

Abstract

The structure, dynamics, and DNA-binding characteristics of wild-type and cross-linked Cro repressors are compared by using circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The Cro repressor is a small dimeric DNA-binding protein from bacteriophage λ. Replacement of valine-55 by cysteine in the dimer interaction region of each monomer subunit results in the spontaneous formation of a disulfide cross-link between the subunits. Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and CD data show the variant has nearly the same conformation as the wild-type protein. However, by monitoring the CD band at 222 nm, the cross-linked protein is shown to have a heat-denaturation midpoint temperature of 67 °C, whereas the wild-type protein has a melting temperature of about 47 °C. Using 1H-NMR to follow the denaturation by heat, the same melting temperature is observed for wild-type Cro (47 °C), but a much lower melting temperature is seen for V55C Cro (58 °C). This suggests that between 58 and 67 °C the cross-linked protein exists in a molten globule state with the α-helices mainly intact, but without the interaction of chemical groups that cause spectral dispersion. Binding parameters for interaction of the proteins with DNA were obtained by observing the NMR spectrum for the imino protons of a 10 base-pair half-operator DNA and titrating in protein. The cross-linked protein binds DNA (Kd = 160 μM) about eight times more weakly than the wild-type protein (Kd = 19 μM). Adjustments in protein structure, necessary to form a tight protein-DNA complex, appear to be hindered by a loss in protein flexibility caused by the intersubunit cross-link.Key words: nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, Cro repressor, protein engineering, disulfide bond.