Fertility and Sperm Quality of Virgin and Repeat-Spawning Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Associated Hatching Success

Abstract

Sperm performance of virgin and repeat spawners of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was compared. Our results indicate that sperm extracted from either virgin or repeat-spawning male cod exhibit a high capacity (usually >95%) to fertilize eggs at semen:seawater dilutions ranging from 1:1 to 1:100. Fertilization rates at higher dilutions, however, decreased to averages of 47 and 53% at 1:1000, with no statistically significant differences occurring betwen the two types of spawners. Spermatocrit and proportion of sperm cells exhibiting progressive forward motion together accounted for, at most, 14% of the total variability in success of fertilization at semen:seawater dilutions of 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000. Individuals of both spawner types had immotile sperm, sometimes at high prevalence levels, but these individuals achieved fertiliztion rates comparable with those with high sperm motility. Hatching success of eggs fertilized by virgin males was more variable but, based on mean values, was almost identical to that of repeat spawners. Use of a video camera to record enlarged images of sperm with a haemacytometer grid pattern in the background has permitted the first documented measurements of sperm swimming speeds of a marine teleost fish; the fastest recorded speed was 1000 μm∙30 s−1.