Life-history plasticity in hosts (Lymnaea elodes) exposed to differing resources and parasitism

Abstract

Assessing phenotypic expression across environments is essential for understanding the evolution of life histories, yet relatively few studies have empirically determined the role that multiple environmental factors play in altering animal phenotypes. We used a multifactorial approach to investigate the effects of both infection of Echinostoma revolutum (Frölich, 1802) and nutrient availability on phenotypic expressions in lines of the snail Lymnaea elodes (Say, 1821). Lines were initially established via selfing events followed by breeding (within lines) over the next four generations. Juveniles from each line were then size-matched and randomly exposed to parasite (exposed / sham-exposed) and diet (high protein / low protein) treatments, generating a 2 (line) × 2 (diet) × 2 (exposure) factorial design. Snail growth, reproduction, and survival were monitored over 5 weeks. Analyses revealed an interactive effect of host line and infection status on host growth. Main effects of both snail line and diet also significantly influenced host growth. Reproductive patterns differed between lines, with snails from one line producing egg masses and eggs in all treatments, and snails from the second line producing minimal eggs in only a single treatment. Snail survival remained similar between snail lines. Results from this study suggest that snail life-history traits can vary dramatically as a result of host genetics, the environment, and the interaction between these factors. Reasons for the occurrence and maintenance of this variability in life-history traits are discussed.