An iterative technique for calculating surface tensions of -on-electrolyte solutions

Abstract

The surface tension of mixtures of organic non-electrolytes of high polarity difference has been shown to be calculable to within a 1% average error using a Newton–Raphson iterative technique to solve the implicit Butler equations for the surface concentrations combined with a better approximation to the surface density of the pure components through an anisotropic surface model. Application of these same techniques to aqueous systems was attempted with some success. However, significant deviations between observed and calculated surface tensions for some binary aqueous systems still remain. It is suggested that these deviations could be accounted for by the inclusion of non-ideal behaviour in the surface and bulk phases.