A cytogenetic analysis of the Simulium ochraceum species complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Central America

Abstract

A cytobiotaxonomic study of the medically important insect vector Simulium ochraceum s.l. revealed two sibling species and one cytotype from various endemic and nonendemic zones of human onchocerciasis in Guatemala and Mexico. Polytene chromosome maps and idiograms as well as notes on the biology of the three taxa designated S. ochraceum A, S. ochraceum B, and S. ochraceum C within the subgenus Psilopelmia are presented. All three taxa exhibit distinct sex chromosomes and taxon-specific suites of autosomal inversion polymorphisms. Simulium ochraceum C differs from both S. ochraceum A and S. ochraceum B by five interspecific inversions designated IIS-7,8 and IIIL-12, 13 + 14, 15. The three taxa exhibit niche and biting preferences, with S. ochraceum A being highly anthropophilic. Analysis of autosomal inversion polymorphism profiles indicates S. ochraceum A has long-range dispersal capability. Our results are consistent with the general findings that in the Simuliidae, sibling speciation may be suspected wherever a morphospecies occupies different niches in a stream continuum. We find for the first time an apparent partitioning of taxa by altitude. Simulium ochraceum A may be a primary vector of human onchocerciasis in Guatemala, as its vertical distribution is coincident with that of the highest areas of nodule prevalence in the human population. A genotypic component of variation in vectorial capacity of S. ochraceum A populations seems to occur, since the Y4 chromosome and its X chromosome counterpart are associated with hyperendemic areas of human onchocerciasis. Our observation that a supernumerary band, 37B1Hb, is associated with sex determination in two of the taxa may be of significance for the elucidation of the molecular basis of sex determination and possible resolution of issues pertinent to the general model of sympatric speciation in the Simuliidae.Key words: Simulium ochraceum complex, cytobiotaxonomy, vector biology, sex chromosome evolution, human onchocerciasis.