Heterogeneous catalysis by phospholipase A2: formulation of a kinetic description of surface effects

Abstract

The kinetics of hydrolysis of aqueous dispersions of long-chain, saturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) catalysed by Crotalus atrox phospholipase A2 (PLA) have been analysed, and a reaction mechanism proposed which takes surface effects into account. PLA is proposed to form an enzyme–substrate complex with surface substrate molecules, thereby undergoing a conformational change which exposes sites that interact with the lipid surface. After a hydrolytic event, the enzyme can either desorb from the surface (path 1), or diffuse along the surface to an adjacent substrate molecule (path 2). The path 1 dominated mechanism leads to Michaelis–Menten steady-state kinetics, and characterizes hydrolysis of gel phase PC. Evidence for saturation of the surface with PLA was obtained at high enzyme concentrations. The path 2 mechanism dominates when the desorption rate is very small; this mechanism describes hydrolysis of liquid crystalline phase PC and is characterized by an initial burst of hydrolysis followed by a very slow reaction. The velocities in these two phases of the reaction are independent of bulk PC concentration. When gel and liquid crystalline PC phases coexist, as in mixtures of dimyristoyl- and distearoyl-PC, the liquid crystalline phase is preferentially hydrolysed. Products of the reaction (lyso-PC and fatty acid) stimulate hydrolysis, apparently by stimulating desorption of PLA. The desorption rate constant appears to be a linear function of the surface concentrations of lyso-PC and fatty acid. The proposed model describes hydrolysis progress curves extremely well and is consistent with current ideas on the mechanism of catalysis by this enzyme.