1. Department of Anesthesiology and
2. Center for Health Policy and Outcomes in Anesthesia and Critical Care, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
3. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
4. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
5. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
6. Department of Anesthesia and
7. Interdisciplinary Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada