1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and
2. Department of Statistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
3. Department of Medicine and
4. Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School–Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts; and
5. Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
6. Evans Center for Implementation and Improvement Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts