1. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
2. Health Services Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon; and
3. Palliative and Acute Illness Research Center and
4. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania