1. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care
2. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
3. Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center
4. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
5. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
6. Center for Community and Population Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health
7. Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, and
8. Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, and