1. Department of Medicine, Respiratory Division and Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
2. Division of General Internal Medicine
3. Department of Anesthesiology, and
4. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
5. Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
6. Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
7. Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York