1. Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
2. School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
3. BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, Peking University, Beijing, China
4. Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, China; and
5. School of Environment, and
6. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China