1. Department of Medicine
2. Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
3. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
4. Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, and
5. Section of Decision Sciences, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania