1. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine,
2. Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center, Perelman School of Medicine,
3. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennslyvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
4. Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine,
5. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California
6. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, and
7. Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, and