1. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
2. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
3. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
4. Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut