Geomechanics Modeling of Strain-Based Pressure Estimates: Insights from Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Measurements

Abstract

Summary Rayleigh frequency shift distributed strain sensing (RFS-DSS) has been demonstrated as a potential technology for characterizing fracture geometries and optimizing the completion design in unconventional reservoirs. The combination of RFS-DSS strain and pressure gauge measurements has been reported recently in field applications (Dhuldhoya and Friehauf 2022; Haustveit and Haffener 2023) to characterize conductive fracture dimensions and production profiles. Haustveit and Haffener (2023) demonstrated a novel technique that uses RFS-DSS strain change during production, measured from a far-field observation well, to monitor the drain profile of a horizontal multistage well. The strain change and pressure change were strongly related during production, and this relationship was applied to continuously estimate pressure drawdown along the full length of the well. However, the sensitivity or influencing factors of the relationship between strain change and pressure change along the fiber are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between strain change and pressure change under various fractured reservoir conditions and provide guidelines for better utilizing this novel strain-pressure relationship to estimate conductive fractures and pressure profiles. We use a coupled geomechanics and fluid flow model to simulate the strain and pressure changes in the near-well and far-field regions during stable production and shut-in periods. A linear relationship is used to fit the strain change and pressure change data obtained from both producing and monitoring wells. We analyze the impact of various fracture properties [size and permeability of the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) around fractures, fracture conductivity, fracture area, and skin factor] on the linear relationship based on the R2 value and fitting error. The relationship between the strain change and pressure change during the stable production obtained by our numerical study is consistent with the field measurements. The slope of strain change vs. pressure change during one day of production is significantly influenced by fracture properties. Overall, the monitoring well shows a stronger linear relationship than the producing well during both stable production and shut-in periods. A better linear relationship between the strain change and pressure change is associated with a larger fracture conductivity or larger fracture spacing scenario on both producing and monitoring wells during the stable production period. The cluster spacing affects the linear relationship between strain and pressure change during rock deformation. When cluster spacing is reduced, the nonlocal effect of deformation becomes more pronounced, resulting in a weaker linear relationship. During the shut-in period, the monitoring well exhibits a stronger linear relationship with a high R2 value and small fitting error compared to the producing well. The linear relationship obtained during the shut-in period is less reliable for the producing well. In cases of homogeneous fractures, where the fracture properties are uniform, the strain change and pressure change are similar, except for two outer fractures. This study provides a better understanding of the relationship between strain change and pressure change measured in the near-well and far-field regions during stable production and shut-in periods. The results of our study also demonstrate the potential for utilizing the RFS-DSS strain measurement to characterize the effective fracture and drainage dimensions.