Securing and Enhancing Avian Diversity Around Onshore O&G Facilities to Improve Biodiversity Restoration: Artificial Nest Box Provision in Ghana

Abstract

Abstract This paper describes the approach and initial results of a trial utilizing artificial nest boxes to support the avian population for seed disbursal for vegetation restoration purposes. The study site is an onshore gas receiving facility (ORF) concession area, located within a globally recognised Key Biodiversity Area (KBA). By applying the mitigation hierarchy, the company has limited the residual impact on natural habitats and is enhancing the forest estate through active and passive forest restoration. Historic land use has resulted in a paucity of natural breeding spaces for cavity-nesting birds, potentially limiting avian abundance and diversity. Artificial nesting boxes are a common technology in newly established and managed woodlands and are considered highly effective at supporting avian conservation objectives. Their effectiveness is correlated with imitating the size, shape and climatic conditions of natural cavities. Hence a trial was necessary to identify the most suitable design for the conditions and species encountered in the project location. Sixty-five nest boxes were installed with the design, construction material and entrance diameter among variables trialled. Those crafted from a mud-cement mixture showed the greatest durability, although those constructed from solid wood performed adequately and were easier to construct. Nest box occupancy after a year or less remained low; only three of the 65 boxes installed show clear or potential signs of use. Potential occupants showed preference for a "standard" box design. No preference for entrance size or construction material could be construed. Arthropods were identified residing in the boxes on 10 occasions. Their impact on bird occupancy is uncertain, however insects may hasten the destruction of wooden boxes and render the box uninhabitable for nesting birds or hatchlings. The project also encountered unexpected losses and severe damage to 25 nest boxes, 20 of which were unable to be located and hence could not be assessed. Although very early in the project, recommendations from these monitoring results can enhance the effectiveness of the technology for other users. Recommendations to improve occupancy include increasing the installation height, checking the correct orientation for the location and minimising the opportunity for eusocial insects to access the nests. Boxes should be securely fixed in place, preferably with two methods to allow for functional redundancy. Finally, engagement with local communities is a critical consideration; projects engaging in the use of this technology should not overlook the need to identify and address negative perceptions or misunderstandings that may negatively affect their use.