New Insights Into Steam/Solvent-Coinjection-Process Mechanism

Abstract

Summary We present results of a detailed investigation of the steam/ solvent-coinjection-process mechanism by use of a numerical model with homogeneous reservoir properties and various solvents. We describe condensation of steam/solvent mixture near the chamber boundary. We present a composite picture of the important phenomena occurring in the different regions of the reservoir and their implications for oil recovery. We compare performances of various solvents and explain the reasons for the observed differences. An improved understanding of the process mechanism will help with selecting the best solvent and developing the best operating strategy for a given reservoir. Results indicate that as the temperature drops near the chamber boundary, steam starts condensing first because its mole fraction in the injected steam/solvent mixture (and hence its partial pressure and the corresponding saturation temperature) is much higher than the solvent's. As temperature declines toward the chamber boundary and steam continues to condense, the vapor phase becomes increasingly richer in solvent. At the chamber boundary where the temperature becomes equal to the condensation temperature of both steam and solvent at their respective partial pressures, both condense simultaneously. Thus, contrary to steam-only injection, where condensation occurs at the injected steam temperature, condensation of steam/solvent mixture is accompanied by a reduction in temperature in the condensation zone and the farther regions. However, there is little change in temperature in the central region of the steam chamber. The condensed steam/solvent mixture drains outside the chamber, leading to the formation of a mobile liquid stream (drainage region) where heated oil, condensed solvent, and water flow together to the production well. The condensed solvent mixes with the heated oil and further reduces its viscosity. The additional reduction in viscosity by solvent more than offsets the effect of reduced temperature near the chamber boundary. As the steam chamber expands laterally because of continued injection and as temperature in the hitherto drainage region increases, a part of the condensed solvent mixed with oil evaporates. This lowers the residual oil saturation (ROS) in the steam chamber. Therefore, ultimate oil recovery with the steam/solvent-coinjection process is higher than that in steam-only injection. The higher the solvent concentration in oil at a location, the greater is the reduction in the ROS there. Our explanation is corroborated by the experimental results reported in the literature, which show smaller ROS in the steam chamber after a steam/solvent-coinjection process. A lighter solvent has a lower viscosity, a higher volatility, and a higher molar concentration of solvent in the drainage region. Thus, a lighter solvent causes a greater reduction in the viscosity of the heated oil and also leads to a lower ROS. Therefore, the lightest condensable solvent (butane, under the conditions investigated) provides the most favorable results in terms of enhancements in oil rate and oil recovery. This is different from the prior claims in the literature.