Neurochemical Predictors of Generalized Learning Induced by Brain Stimulation and Training

Author:

Ehrhardt Shane E.,Wards Yohan,Rideaux Reuben,Marjańska MałgorzataORCID,Jin Jin,Cloos Martijn A.,Deelchand Dinesh K.,Zöllner Helge J.,Saleh Muhammad G.,Hui Steve C. N.,Ali Tonima,Shaw Thomas B.ORCID,Barth MarkusORCID,Mattingley Jason B.ORCID,Filmer Hannah L.,Dux Paul E.

Abstract

Methods of cognitive enhancement for humans are most impactful when they generalize across tasks. However, the extent to which such “transfer” is possible via interventions is widely debated. In addition, the contribution of excitatory and inhibitory processes to such transfer is unknown. Here, in a large-scale neuroimaging individual differences study with humans (both sexes), we paired multitasking training and noninvasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS) over multiple days and assessed performance across a range of paradigms. In addition, we varied tDCS dosage (1.0 and 2.0 mA), electrode montage (left or right prefrontal regions), and training task (multitasking vs a control task) and assessed GABA and glutamate concentrations via ultrahigh field 7T magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Generalized benefits were observed in spatial attention, indexed by visual search performance, when multitasking training was combined with 1.0 mA stimulation targeting either the left or right prefrontal cortex (PFC). This transfer effect persisted for ∼30 d post intervention. Critically, the transferred benefits associated with right prefrontal tDCS were predicted by pretraining concentrations of glutamate in the PFC. Thus, the effects of this combined stimulation and training protocol appear to be linked predominantly to excitatory brain processes.

Funder

Australian Research Council Discovery Project

Australia Research Council Discovery Project

Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award

Australian Research Council Future Fellowship

Department of Defence (Human Performance Research (HPR) Network Partnership

Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship

National Institutes of Health

National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Investigator Grant

Motor Neurone Disease Research Australia (MNDRA) Postdoctoral Research Fellowship

Publisher

Society for Neuroscience

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