On strange images with application to lossy image compression

Abstract

Single and three-channel images are widely used in numerous applications. Due to the increasing volume of such data, they must be compressed where lossy compression offers more opportunities. Usually, it is supposed that, for a given image, a larger compression ratio leads to worse quality of the compressed image according to all quality metrics. This is true for most practical cases. However, it has been found recently that images are called “strange” for which a rate-distortion curve like dependence of the peak signal-to-noise ratio on the quality factor or quantization step, behaves non-monotonously. This might cause problems in the lossy compression of images. Thus, the basic subject of this paper are the factors that determine this phenomenon. The main among them are artificial origin of an image, possible presence of large homogeneous regions, specific behavior of image histograms. The main goal of this paper is to consider and explain the peculiarities of the lossy compression of strange images. The tasks of this paper are to provide definitions of strange images and to check whether non-monotonicity of rate-distortion curves occurs for different coders and metrics. One more task is to put ideas and methodology forward of further studies intended to detect strange images before their compression. The main result is that non-monotonous behavior can be observed for the same image for several quality metrics and coders. This means that not the coder but image properties determine the probability of an image to being strange. Moreover, both grayscale and color images can be strange, and both the natural scene and artificial images can be strange. This depends more on image properties than on image origin and number of channels. In particular, the percentage of pixels that belong to large homogeneous regions and image entropy play an important role. As conclusions, we outline possible directions of future research that, in the first order, relate to the analysis of images in large databases to establish parameters that show that a given image can be considered as strange.