Fiber-laser platform for precision brain surgery

Abstract

Minimally invasive neurological surgeries are increasingly being sought after for treatment in neurological pathologies and oncology. A critical limitation in these minimally invasive procedures is lack of specialized tools that allow for space-time controlled delivery of sufficient energy for coagulation and cutting of tissue. Advent of fiber-lasers provide high average power with improved beam quality (lower M2), biocompatible silica fiber delivery, reduced cost of manufacturing, and radiant output stability over long operating periods. Despite these advancements, no fiber-laser based surgical tools are currently available for tissue resection in vivo. Here we demonstrate a first to our knowledge, fiber-laser platform for performing precise brain surgery in a murine brain model. In this study, our primary aims were to first demonstrate efficacy of fiber-lasers in performing precise blood-less surgery in a murine brain with limited non-specific thermal damage. Second, fiber-lasers’ ability to deliver radiant energy through biocompatible silica fibers was explored in a murine brain model for blood less resection. A bench-top optical coherence tomography (OCT) guided fiber-laser platform was constructed with a stereotactic stage for performing precision brain surgery. A pulsed quasi-continuous wave ytterbium (Yb) fiber-laser (1.07 µm) was used to perform vascular specific coagulation while a pulsed nanosecond thulium fiber-laser (1.94 µm) was used to conduct bloodless cutting, all under the guidance of a swept-source OCT system centered at 1310 +/- 70 nm. Specialty linear and circular cuts were made in an in vivo murine brain for bloodless brain tissue resection. The two fiber-lasers were combined into a single biocompatible silica fiber to conduct brain surgery resection under the bench-top OCT system’s imaging microscope. Vascular specific coagulation was demonstrated in all five mice studied. Bloodless linear cuts and point cuts were demonstrated in vivo. Histologically, thermal injury was measured to be less than 100 µm while a removal rate of close to 5 mm3/s was achieved with an average Tm fiber-laser power of 15 W. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a fiber-laser platform for conducting in vivo bloodless brain tissue resection with a pulsed thulium (Tm) fiber-laser and a quasi-continuous wave (QCW) Yb fiber-laser. The demonstrated fiber-laser platform, if successfully configured for use in the operating room (OR), can provide surgeons a tool for rapid removal of tissue while making surgical resections of brain regions more precise, and can be basis for a flexible cutting tool capable of reaching hard-to-operate regions.