Transverse spin and the hidden vorticity of propagating light fields

Abstract

Spatially inhomogeneous fields of electromagnetic guided modes exhibit a complex of extraordinary dynamical properties such as polarization-dependent transverse momentum, helicity-independent transverse spin, spin-associated non-reciprocity and unidirectional propagation, etc. Recently, the remarkable relationship has been established between the spin and propagation features of such fields, expressed through the spin–momentum equations [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2018816118 (2021) PNASA60027-842410.1073/pnas.2018816118] connecting the wave spin with the curl of momentum. Here, the meaning, limitations, and specific forms of this correspondence are further investigated, involving physically transparent and consistent examples of paraxial light fields, plane-wave superpositions, and evanescent waves. The conclusion is inferred that the spin–momentum equation is an attribute of guided waves with a well-defined direction of propagation, and it unites the helicity-independent “extraordinary” transverse spin with the spatially inhomogeneous longitudinal field momentum (energy flow) density. Physical analogies with the layered hydrodynamic flows and possible generalizations for other wave fields are discussed. The results can be useful in optical trapping, manipulation, and data processing techniques.