Assessment of the Utility of Point-of-Care Testing Incorporating Ultrasound and Arterial Blood Gas in Patients with Acute Febrile Illness in the Emergency Department to Determine Disease Severity, Disposition, Need for Ventilation and Renal Replacement Therapy

Abstract

Introduction: Acute febrile illness (AFI) patients present to the emergency department (ED), with fever to multi-organ dysfunction. There is a lack of early point-of-care-based disposition criteria in AFI patients regarding the need for intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency unit (HDU) care. Methods: We enrolled 100 patients with AFI presenting to the ED and evaluated using point-of-care ultrasound with two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO), lung ultrasound score (LUS), renal arterial resistive index (RRI), and arterial blood gas. The need for ICU/HDU admission, ventilation (either noninvasive or invasive), and renal-replacement therapy (RRT) within 48 h of hospitalization was noted. Results: Ninety-five patients were included in the analysis. 72 (75.8%) patients required either ICU or HDU admission, 45 (47.4%) required ventilatory support (either noninvasive or invasive), and 32 (33.7%) required RRT. After logistic regression, LUS ≥16, and arterial lactate ≥12 mg/dL were independent predictors of the need for ICU or HDU admission. The respiratory rate (RR) ≥28/minute, LUS ≥16 and RRI ≥61 were the independent predictors of the need for ventilation. The MAP ≤73 mmHg, LUS (≥16), and RRI (≥67) were the predictors of the need for RRT. Conclusion: In AFI patients presenting to the ED, the MAP, LUS, and lactate are predictors of the need for ICU/HDU admission. The LUS and RRI were predictors of the need for RRT whereas the RR, LUS, and RRI were the predictors of the need for ventilation.