Immediate cause and the role of multimorbidity in deaths associated with COVID 19 among hospitalized patients in a low resource district in Kerala India: A record-based case-control analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Multimorbidity is the coexistence of two or more chronic medical conditions in a person. The study aims to investigate the immediate cause of death and risk factors of mortality including multimorbidity among patients hospitalized with SARS CoV2 infection in Kasaragod district in Kerala, India. Methods: A record-based case-control study was done using the hospital records and follow-up surveillance system of SARS-COV 2 patients admitted in the Kasaragod district. SARS-COV 2 patients who had expired during the study period from June to December 2020 and reported as COVID-19 deaths (N = 226) were the cases, and an equal number of hospital controls were the study participants. Results: The mean (SD) age of the cases and controls were found to be 64.6 (14.2) years and 61.5 (13.4) years, respectively. Covid pneumonia alone was reported as the cause of death in more than half (52%) of the study participants. This was followed by cardiovascular events (8.5%) and acute kidney injury (6.5%). Among individual comorbidities among people who expired, diabetes mellitus (53%) was the most common, followed by hypertension (46%) and cardiovascular diseases (23%). More than 50% were found to have multimorbidity. Logistic regression showed chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.18 (1.24–3.83)) and malignancy (AOR = 3.05 (1.27–7.32)) to be significantly associated with mortality as individual determinants. Hypertension–diabetes mellitus [AOR = 1.68 (1.02–2.76), P = 0.043] and hypertension–CKD [AOR = 3.49 (1.01–12.01), P = 0.48] dyads were multimorbidities significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: Combinations of hypertension with diabetes mellitus and CKD were found to be significant determinants for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Uniformity in death certification is required to understand the causes and contributors to death in COVID-19.