Association of digital device usage and dry eye disease in school children

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the influence of digital device use (computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones) on dry eye disease (DED) in a pediatric population. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study. School children studying in grades 5–9 at two private schools in the city of Ahmedabad, the capital city of Gujarat, India were invited to participate in the study. Methods: In this study, 462 children underwent ocular examination including tear film breakup time (TBUT) and Schirmer’s test. Questionnaires were administered for collecting information on the type and duration of digital device usage separately for academic and leisure activities and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score. Results: The mean age of participants was 11.2 + 1.4 years, and 63% were boys. The mean OSDI score was 37.2 + 11.8, and 90.5% had symptoms of DED. Children with moderate to severe DED (n = 88, 19%) had longer daily duration of device use and lower Schirmer’s test and TBUT values compared to children with mild DED (P = 0.001). A cumulative exposure time of more than 3–3.5 h per day had a significantly increased risk of DED. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that increment in computer usage (odds ratio [OR] 1.94 for every half an hour increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–3.1) and children studying in higher grades (OR 1.30, 95% CI = 1.1–1.6) had a higher risk of moderate to severe dry eye. Conclusion: Cumulative device exposure time of more than 3–3.5 h per day had a significantly increased risk of pediatric DED. Children with an increment in computer usage by half an hour per day had a higher chance of experiencing moderate to severe dry eye. Policymakers should aim to restrict the screen time below 3 h on a daily basis.