Hypoxia-inducible Factors: Molecular Basis and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcriptional factors that have a vital role in regulating a diversity of cell activities in response to cellular and tissue hypoxia. To date, there are three types of HIFs (HIF-1, HIF-2, and HIF-3), all share a common structure and function, and their activations are associated with many pathological conditions, including congenital anomalies, chronic inflammation, infections, and cancer. Furthermore, stimulation and/or inhibition of HIFs can be regarded as an innovative way to prevent and treat various conditions. This review aimed to clarify the knowledge about the function of HIFs in cellular homeostasis. Moreover, it tries to summarize the functions of HIF signaling in human health and diseases and the benefits of different drugs that target HIF signaling.