The Phenomenon of Epidemiological Transition in Health and the Necessity to Update

Abstract

The epidemiological transition is a global shift from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases and injuries, impacting health and demographic indicators. The four-stage demographic transition model illustrates the evolution of population dynamics, with the epidemiological transition model overlaying disease patterns. Egypt-born demographer Omran classified transitions into “Classic,” “Accelerated,” and “Delayed” models, emphasizing the interplay between mortality decline, fertility, and healthcare demands. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) assesses causes of deaths, disabilities, and risk factors, revealing a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases worldwide. In India, a significant portion of the population faces a rising burden of non-communicable diseases, particularly ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke. Health transitions in diseases, demography, donor assistance, and domestic financing in India have implications for the healthcare system. Epidemiological transition levels (ETL) vary across states, affecting vulnerable populations like the elderly and urban women. Challenges arise from a double burden of disease, emphasizing the need for comprehensive policies, awareness, and improved accessibility. Risk factors like malnutrition, air pollution, and high blood pressure contribute to the disease burden. It is concluded by advocating for tailored interventions, utilizing the socio-ecological model, and emphasizing the importance of ongoing research in addressing emerging health challenges.