Strengthening Comprehensive Primary Health Care through Ayushman Bharat: Role of Demand and Supply-side Interventions

Abstract

Background: Comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) is an effective way to respond to the challenges of changing epidemiology, growing population expectations, and universal health coverage. A set of demand and supply improvement strategies was developed to support primary health center provision and pilot tested in three model health and wellness centers (HWCs) in Punjab. Objective: The study aimed to assess the early effects of interventions on the inputs, processes, and outputs for optimal implementation of the Ayushman Bharat-HWC (AB-HWC) program. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional facility assessments were conducted using a standardized methodology at three time points to identify the changes in inputs and processes at subcenter-HWCs from 2019 to 2021. In addition, daily and month-wise service utilization data of model HWCs and nonmodel HWCs in the intervention block and control block in a district of Punjab from the AB-HWC portal were analyzed from May 2020 to April 2021. Results: The difference-in-difference analysis indicated that the CPHC strengthening interventions in the model HWCs improved the mean number of people screened for noncommunicable diseases, mean newly diagnosed patients with hypertension and diabetes, mean hypertensive and diabetic patients on treatment, mean outpatient attendance, and mean number of wellness sessions by 265.71, 21.31, 29.48, 102.17, and 4.88 units per month, compared to control HWCs. Conclusion: The success of the initiatives can be attributed to an integrated approach encompassing multistakeholder planning of interventions, community involvement, empowerment of service providers, and consistent supportive supervision. The long-term success will be contingent on the quality of training, team dynamics, community participation, social accountability, and supervision support.