Environmental Impact of Pharmaceuticals: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Abstract This comprehensive review seeks to evaluate and synthesize the extensive literature regarding the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals, a growing area of concern within the realm of environmental science. Pharmaceuticals, including human and veterinary medicines, have been detected ubiquitously in the environment due to their widespread use and incomplete removal during wastewater treatment processes. These substances pose potential ecological risks due to their bioactive properties, but the magnitude and implications of these impacts are not yet fully understood. Our review covers the major aspects such as pathways of environmental entry, detection methods, potential impacts on flora and fauna, and potential human health implications of pharmaceutical contamination. We further explored the effectiveness of current wastewater treatment technologies in removing these substances and assess the potential of emerging technologies. The review concludes by discussing policy implications and the necessity for a global coordinated response. By encapsulating the breadth of research in this area, we hope to spur further research and foster greater awareness of the environmental implications of pharmaceutical waste.