Pap smear changes and cervical inflammation in women with infertility in correlation to clinical and microbiological findings

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: One of the prime causes of infertility is reproductive tract infections as they can produce marked cervical inflammation. These can be seen in Pap smears at various stages as cervical health plays an imperative role in blocking ascending infections. This study assesses infections and related changes in Pap smears from women with infertility and its association with clinical and microbiological findings. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was done for 3.5 years. Pap smears of women with infertility were taken, and those showing significant inflammation (>50%) were studied. Relevant history and “per-speculum” findings were noted. Pap smear changes, infections or intraepithelial changes, and lactobacilli were studied. High vaginal swab culture was done, and follow-up conception data were correlated. Results: Almost 50% of women with inflammatory smears showed the presence of an infection; of which the most common was candidiasis followed by bacterial vaginosis. Out of the 12 women whose culture reports were available, 11 showed growth (90%). Most women showed depleted lactobacilli. On follow-up, the conception rate despite assisted reproductive technology was significantly lower in women with Pap smear changes (P = 0.0002). Conclusion: These observations show a strong and significant association between inflammatory Pap smears, infections in the reproductive tract, depleted lactobacilli, and conception. It is advisable that a Pap smear should be done in all cases of infertility to look for infections and inflammation, and a follow-up with high vaginal swab culture should be done in cases where inflammation is detected in a Pap smear. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care and procedural skills, Medical knowledge, Practice-based learning and improvement.