Commercially Available Injectables in Diabetes – Insulin, Incretins, and More

Abstract

Abstract The management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has evolved significantly with the emergence of diverse medication classes, including metformin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and various insulin types. However, the complexity of integrating injectables into existing regimens presents a formidable challenge for health-care professionals. Obstacles arise due to restricted access to information, insufficient training on novel drugs, and regional disparities in drug availability. Confusion surrounding insulin formulations and inadequate comprehension of drug mechanisms can result in medical errors, underscoring the necessity for practitioners to be familiar with different insulin types and their specific regional designations. The article provides a succinct overview of injectable medications, encompassing insights into both insulin and noninsulin therapies, and combination therapies for T2D. It delves into the nuances of various insulin types, noninsulin options such as GLP-1 agonists, and emerging treatments such as tirzepatide and retatrutide. The article highlights the imperative for physicians to stay updated with the latest knowledge, advocating for tailored management approaches that enhance glycemic control and mitigate long-term complications, ultimately contributing to an improved quality of life for individuals with diabetes.