Caesalpinia sappan reduces the stemness of breast cancer stem cells involving the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species

Abstract

Background and purpose: Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) as a kind of tumor cells are able to regenerate themselves, leading to apoptosis resistance and cancer relapse. It was reported that BCSCs contain lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with stemness capability. Caesalpinia sappan has been proposed for its chemopreventive potency against several cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Caesalpinia sappan extract (CSE) on cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, ROS generation, and stemness markers of MDA-MB-231 and its BCSCs. Experimental approach: Caesalpinia sappan was extracted under maceration with methanol. Magnetic-activated cell sorting was used to isolate BCSCs based on CD44+ and CD24- cell surface expression. The MTT test was used to assess the cytotoxic effects of CSE on MDA-MB-231 and BCSCs. Moreover, flow cytometry was used to examine the cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, ROS level, and CD44/CD24 level. Using qRT-PCR, the gene expression of the stemness markers NANOG, SOX-2, OCT-4, and c-MYC was assessed. Findings/Results: We found that MDA-MB-231 contains 80% of the BCSCs population, and CSE showed more potent cytotoxicity toward BCSCs than MDA-MB-231. CSE caused apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and BCSCs cells by increasing the level of ROS. Furthermore, CSE significantly reduced the MDA-MB-231 stemness marker CD44+/CD24- and the mRNA levels of pluripotent markers of cells in BCSCs. Conclusion and implications: CSE potentially reduces BCSCs stemness, which may be mediated by the elevation of the ROS levels and reduction of the expression levels of stemness transcription.